Pattern of appearance of Whale Sharks (Rhincodon typus) Botubarani Gorontalo Based on Satellite Marker Monitoring
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51699/ijbea.v2i12.3247Keywords:
Whale Shark, Photo ID, Tagging satelliteAbstract
This research aims to determine the spatio-temporal distribution of Whale Sharks in Tomini Bay using satellite markers on Botubarani Beach, Bone Bolango Regency, Gorontalo Province. The subjects of this research were two individual whale sharks that had satellite tags attached to them as well as whale sharks that appeared at the time the research was conducted. The method used in this research is (1) photo ID to differentiate between individual types of whale sharks, (2) using satellite-based technology, by installing 2 (two) satellite tagging units of the Finmount Tag type on ID 53 whale sharks with body length measurements. 4.16 meters and the ID 55 measures 4.77 meters. The research was conducted from April 2023 to August 2023. The migration patterns of individual whale sharks attached with satellite tags show that they have a tendency to keep returning to the Botubarani coast of Gorontalo with different spatial and temporal distribution patterns. In terms of the number of appearances of the two individuals after installing fine markers for Whale Shark ID 53 in the period of 1 (one) year, it was recorded that 58 times were recorded in the waters of Botubarani, Gorontalo and its surroundings. Meanwhile, Whale Shark ID 55 in the same period was only recorded 21 times in the waters of Botubarani Gorontalo beach. Most of the Whale Shark aggregation locations in Tomini Bay identified through satellite tagging data on these two individuals have not yet entered the conservation area. The results of this satellite tagging method can be a basis for future reference for establishing conservation areas, especially in Tomini Bay for protection, preservation and sustainable use. limited and responsible for the existence of whale sharks.
References
Azourmanian, Z., Holmberg & Norman. 2005. An Astronomical Pattern matching algorithm for Computer aided identification of Whale sharks Rhincodon typus. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42: 999-1011.
BEST, PB & MATE, B. 2007, Sighting history and observations of southern right whales following satellite tagging off South Africa.
Bradshaw, CJA, FitzPatrick, BM, Steinberg, CC, Brook, BW, & Meekan, MB 2008. Decline in whale shark size and abundance at Ningaloo Reef over the past decade: The world's largest fish is getting smaller. Biological Conservation, 141(7): 1894-1905.
Breed, M & Sanchez, L. 2010. Both Environment and Genetic Makeup Influence Behaviour.Available inhttps://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/both-environment-andgenetic-makeup-influence-behavior-13907840.
Brooks, K. Rowat, D., Pierce, S.J., Jouannet, D., & Vely, M. 2010. Seeing Spots:
Photo-identification as a Regional Tool for Whale Shark Identification. Western Indian Ocean J. Mar. Sci, 9(2): 185-194.
Brunnschweiler, JM, Baensch, H, Pierce, SJ & Sims, DW 2009. Deep-diving
Behavior of a Whale shark Rhincodon typus during Long-distance movement in the Western Indian Ocean. Journal of Fish Biology, 74: 706-714.
Chaves, LCT, Hall, J., Fetiosa, JLL, & Cote, IM 2015. Photo-identification as a simple tool for studying invasive lionfish Pterois volitans populations. Journal of Fish Biology.
Colman, JG 1997. A Review Of The Biology And Ecology Of The Whale Shark. Journal of Fish Biology. 51: 1219–1234.
Colman J. 1997. Whale Shark Interaction Management with Particular Reference to Ningaloo Marine Park 1997–2007 Wildlife Management Program No. 27. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth.
Compagno, LJV 2001. Sharks Of The World: An Annotated And Illustrated Catalog Of Shark Species Known To Date, Vol. 2: Bullhead, Mackerel And Carpet Sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes And Orectolobiformes). FAO Species Catalog For Fishery Purposes No. 1. Rome.
CITES. 2004. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Den Hartog, J. & Reijns, R. 2014. I3S Manual Interactive Individual Identification System, V.4.0.2. Available inhttp://reijns.com/i3s/download/I3S%20Pattern.pdf/
Director of Area and Fish Species Conservation. 2015. General Guidelines for Monitoring Whale Sharks in Indonesia. Jakarta: Directorate of Conservation of Areas and Fish Species, Directorate General of Marine, Coastal and Small Islands, Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries.
Dive-bohol. 2015. Why we don't swim with Whale Sharks in Oslob. Available at http://dive-bohol.com/conservation/5-reasons-not-go-oslob/ [21 september 2017].
Eckert, SA & BS Stewart. 2001. Telemetry and satellite tracking of a whale shark, Rhincodon typus, in the Sea of Cortez, Mexico and the northern Pacific Ocean. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 60:299–308.
Ecocean. 2007. Whale Shark Photo-Identification Library. Field Station Manual Version. 2.0. 11-15 Pg.
Fauna and Flora. Available inhttp://www.cites.orgCraven S. 2012. Whale Shark Of Oslob. A Report On The Status Of The Whale Shark Watching Tourist Industry In Tan-Awan, Oslob, Cebu. Philippines: Larga Marine Vertebrate Project.
Fowler, SL 2000. Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus)-Policy And Research Scoping Study. UK: Nature Conservation Bureau. www.naturebureau.co.uk/whaleshark/
Gayanilo Jr., FC, Sparre, P. & Pauly, D. 2005. FAOICLARM stock assessment tools II (FiSAT II). User's guide. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries), 4(8).
Graham, RT 2003. Behavior and Conservation of Whake Shark on the Belize Barrier Reef. Thesis in Environmental Sciences University of York.
Gunn, J.S., Stevens, JD., Davis, TLO., & Norman, BM. 1999. Observations on the short-term movements and behavior of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) at Ningaloo Reef Western Australia. Marine Biology. 135, 553-559.
Handoko, et al. 2017.Population characteristics of whale sharks (rhincodon typus) and behavior patterns. They live on Botubarani Beach, Bone Bolango, Gorontalo..Makasar: Makassar Coastal and Marine Resources Management Center.
Handoko Kris, Himawan MR, Tania C, Syarifuddin Urif, Jakasukma Munandar, Maduppa H, Subhan B, Hadriana S. 2019. Whale sharks at Botubarani Beach, Gorontalo. Makassar (ID): Coastal and Marine Resources Management Center.
Heyman WD, Graham RT, Kjerive B, Johannes RE 2001. Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) Aggregate to Feed on Fish Spawn in Belize. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 215: 275-282.
Hermawan, E. 2010. Grouping Rainfall Patterns that Occur in Several Regions of P. Sumatra Based on the Results of Spectral Engineering Analysis. Center for the Utilization of Atmospheric and Climate Science, Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN).
Himawan, MR, Tania, C., Noor, BA, Wijonarno, A., Subhan, B & Madduppa. 2015. Sex and Size Range Composition of Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) and Their Sighting Behavior in Relation with Fishermen lift-net within Cenderawasih Bay National Park, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux,(8): 2.
Hoffmayer, E.R., Franks, JS., Shelley, J.P. 2005 Recent observations of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus) in the north central Gulf of Mexico. Gulf and Caribbean Research, 17: 117−120.
Honasan, AB 2012, March 2014. Please don't feed the big fish. The Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved fromhttp://lifestyle.inquirer.net/40461/pleasedont-feed-the-big-fish
Hsu, HH., Joung, SJ., Liao, YY., & Liu, KM. 2007. Satellite tracking of juvenile whale sharks, Rhincodon typus, in the North western Pacific. Fisheries Research, 4: 25−31.
Huffard, CL, Erdmann, MV, & Gunawan, TRP 2012. Geographic Priorities for Marine Biodiversity Conservation in Indonesia. Jakarta : USAID project number.www.uscti.org
Maruanaya, Y., BA Noor, C. Tania. 2019. Behavior of Whale Sharks (Rhincodon typus) in Kwatisore Waters, Yaur District in the Cenderawasih Bay National Park Area, Papua. TABURA Journal of Fisheries Science, 1(1): 43-53.
Maruanaya, Y., ASW Retraubun, SF Tuhumury, J. Abrahamsz. 2022. Feeding Habits and Frequency of Appearance of Whale Sharks (Rhincodon typus) in Kwatisore Waters within the Marine Customary Rights of Akudiomi Village in Cenderawasih Bay National Park. J. Tropical Marine Science and Technology, 14(1): 109-129.
McKinney, J., Hoffmayer, E.R., Wu, W., Fulford, R., & Hendon, J.M. 2012. Feeding habitat of the whale shark Rhincodon typus in the Northern Gulf of Mexico Determined using species distribution modeling. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 458: 199–211.
Quiros, AL 2007. Tourist Compliance To A Code Of Conduct And The Resulting Effects On Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) Behavior In Donsol, Philippines. Fisheries Research, 84(1): 102-108.
Rahman, A., Haryadi, J., Sentosa, AA, Mujiyanto. 2017. Initial Study of the Appearance of Whale Sharks (Rhyncodon typus, Smith 1828) in Tomini Bay Linked to Physical and Biological Water Factors.Indonesian Aquatics Journal Vol. 2 No. 2. 128-136.
Rosalina, D., Y. Arafat., I. Anjaya, K. Jamil. 2021. Monitoring Whale Sharks (Rhyncodon typus) in Botubarani Waters, Kabila Bone District, Bone Bolango Regency, Gorontalo Province. Aquatic Science. Journal of Aquatic Sciences. 3(2): 9-16.
Bahani, FM, Kepel, RC, Olii, AH, Pratasik, SB 2019. What species make up the Nike fish assemblages at the macrotidal estuary in Gorontalo Bay, Indonesia? F1000.
White, WT & Cavanagh, RD 2007. Whale shark Landings in Indonesian artisanal shark and ray Fisheries. Fisheries Research, 84: 128-131.
Wilson, SG., Taylor, JG., & Pearce, A.F. 2001. The seasonal aggregation of whale sharks at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia: currents, migrations and the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 61: 1−11.
WWF. (2015). World Wide Foundation. Study of Whale Sharks and Management Efforts in Cenderawasih Bay National Park. Internship Activity Report, Version 1.0. Matter. 1.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
