Generalizability Theory as a Tool in Examining Classroom Anxiety

Authors

  • Najeba Rashed Mahamed Northern Technical University. Iraq, Technical Institute. Kirkuk

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51699/ijllal.v2i12.3220

Keywords:

Generalizability, Examining, Classroom, Anxiety

Abstract

Theory by Horwitz et al. (1986): Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale. This hypothesis has been crucial to studying individual differences. Different perspectives may affect second- and foreign-language acquisition. The scale’s multiplied organization has been extensively studied, giving validity evidence for Foreign Language Anxiety, a concept of great importance to foreign language specialists and instructors. Despite significant investigation, nothing is known about the scale’s dependability. The Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale is a self-report instrument, therefore the theory under study should account both item internal consistency and response consistency across time. The generalizability theory is used to examine the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale’s in terms of classroom anxiety. The theory was applied in an Iraqi higher education institution where English language is taught as a major subject. The theory applied showed a good compound generalizability and dependability. One of the three latent qualities anticipated to appear on the scale, test anxiety, was very unreliable.

References

Adamson, B. & Morris, P. (1997). Focus on curriculum change in China and Hong Kong: The English Curriculum in the People’s Republic of China. Comparative Education Review, 41, 3-26.

Aydın, S., Denkci-Akka ş, Türnük, T., Baş türk-Beydilli, A., & Saydam, İ (2021). A descriptive study on text anxiety among foreign language learners. Futuristic Implementations of Research in Education (FIRE), 2 (2), 43–55.

Bolton, K. & Tong, Q. S. (2002). Introduction: Interdisciplinary perspectives on English in China. World Englishes, 21 (2), 177- 180.

Brennan, R. L. (2000). (Mis)conceptions about generalizability theory. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 19(1), 5–10.

Brennan, R. L. (2001a). Generalizability Theory. New York: Springer-Verlag Publishing.

Brennan, R. L. (2001b). Manual for mGENOVA (Ver. 2. 1). Iowa City: Iowa Testing Programs. University of Iowa.

Campbell, C. M., & Shaw, V. M. (1994). Language anxiety and gender differences in adult second language learners: Exploring the relationship.

Casado, M. A., & Dereshiwsky, M. I. (2001). Foreign language anxiety of university students. College Student Journal, 35(4), 539-552.

Cheng, Y. S., Horwitz, E. K., & Schallert, D. L. (1999). Language anxiety: Differentiating writing and speaking components. Language learning, 49(3), 417-446.

Chou, M. (2018). Speaking anxiety and strategy use for learning English as a foreign language in full and partial English-medium instruction contexts. TESOL Quarterly, 52 (3), 611–633.

Crick, J. E., & Brennan, R. L. (1983). Manual for GENOVA (Ver. 2. 1) . Iowa City: Iowa Testing Programs, University of Iowa.

Cronbach, L. J., Rajaratnam, N., & Gleser, G. C. (1963). Theory of generalizability: A liberalization of reliability theory. British Journal of Statistical Psychology, 16, 137–163.

Ellis, R. (1994). The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford, ngland: Oxford University Press.

Fallah, N. (2017). Mindfulness, coping self-efficacy and foreign language anxiety: A mediation analysis. Educational Psychology, 37 (6), 745–756.

Gleser, G. C., Green, B. L., & Winget, C. N. (1978). Quantifying interview data on psychic impairment of disaster survivors. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 166(3), 209–216.

Han, C. (2018). A generalizability theory study of optimal measurement design for a summative assessment of English/Chinese consecutive interpreting. Language Testing, 36 (3), 1–20.

Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B. & Cope, J. A. (1991). Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety. In E. K. Horwitz & D. J. Young (Eds.), Language Anxiety: From Theory and Research to Classroom Implications. 27-36. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. The Modern language journal, 70(2), 125-132.

Huang, H. D., & Hung, S. A. (2013). Comparing the effects of test anxiety on independent and integrated speaking test performance. TESOL Quarterly, 47 (2), 244–269.

Krashen, S. D. (1985a). Applications of psycholinguistic research to the classroom. In C. James (Ed.), Practical applications of research in foreign language teaching. 51-66. National Textbook Co: Lincolnwood, Illinois.

Krashen, S. D. (1985b). The Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications. Longman: New York.

Lam, W. (2005). Successful knowledge management requires a knowledge culture: a case study. Knowledge management research & practice, 3, 206-217.

Liu, M., & Jackson, J. (2008). An exploration of Chinese EFL learners’ unwillingness to communicate and foreign language anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 92 (1), 71–86.

MacIntyre, P. D, & Gardner, R. C. (1991). Methods and results in the study of anxiety and language learning: A review of the literature. Language Learning, 41, 85-117.

MacIntyre, P. D. (1995). How does anxiety affect second language learning? A reply to Sparks and Ganschow. The modern language journal, 79(1), 90-99.

MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1989). Anxiety and second‐language learning: Toward a theoretical clarification. Language learning, 39(2), 251-275.

MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1994). The subtle effects of language anxiety on cognitive processing in the second language. Language Learning, 44, 283–305.

MacIntyre, P. D., Noels, K. A., & Clément, R. (1997). Biases in self‐ratings of second language proficiency: The role of language anxiety. Language learning, 47(2), 265-287.

Norris, J. M., & Ortega, L. (2000). Effectiveness of L2 instruction: A research synthesis and quantitative meta-analysis. Language Learning, 50, 417–528.

Ohata, K. (2005). Potential sources of anxiety for Japanese learners of English: Preliminary case interviews with five Japanese college students in the US. TESL-EJ, 9(3), n3.

Ohta, R., Plakans, L., & Gebril, A. (2018). Integrated writing scores based on holistic and multi-trait scales: A generalizability analysis. Assessing Writing, 38, 21–36. 10.1016/j.asw.2018.08.001.

Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Bailey, P. & Daley, C. E. (2000). The validation of three scales measuring anxiety at different stages of the foreign language learning process: The input anxiety scale, the processing anxiety scale, and the output anxiety scale. Language Learning, 50 (1), 87-117.

Plonsky, L., & Derrick, D. J. (2016). A meta-analysis of reliability coefficients in second language research. The Modern Language Journal, 100 (2), 538–553.

Purpura, J. E., Brown, J. D., & Schoonen, R. (2015). Improving the validity of quantitative measures in applied linguistics research. Language Learning, 65 (1), 37–75.

Revelle, W. (2020). Psych: procedures for personality and psychological research. Evanston: Northwestern University https://CRAN.r-project.org/package = psych R package version 2.0.8.

Salehi, M., & Marefat, F. (2014). The effects of foreign language anxiety and test anxiety on foreign language test performance. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 4 (5), 931–940.

Shavelson, R. J., & Webb, N. M. (1991). Generalizability theory: A primer. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Teimouri, Y., Goetze, J., & Plonsky, L. (2019). Second language anxiety and achievement: A meta-analysis. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 41, 363–387.

Thorndike, R. M., & Thorndike-Christ, T (2009). Measurement and evaluation in psychology and education. Boston: Prentice Hall.

Trylong, V. L. (1987). Aptitude, attitudes, and anxiety: A study of their relationships to achievement in the foreign language classroom. Purdue University.

von Worde, R. (2003). Students’ perspective of foreign language anxiety. Inquiry, 8 (1). Retrieved on April 16, 2006, from http:// www.vccaedu.org/inquiry/inquiry-spring2003/i-81-worde.html.

Webb, N. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Haertel, E. H. (2006). Reliability coefficients and generalizability theory. In C. R. Rao & S. Sinharay (Eds.), Handbook of statistics (Vol. 2, pp. 81–124). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Woodrow, L. (2014). Writing about quantitative research in applied linguistics. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

Downloads

Published

2023-12-29

How to Cite

Najeba Rashed Mahamed. (2023). Generalizability Theory as a Tool in Examining Classroom Anxiety. International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics, 2(12), 86–97. https://doi.org/10.51699/ijllal.v2i12.3220