International Journal of Biological Engineering and Agriculture

Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plant Dimensions and Phosphate Content in the Euphrates River: A Chemical and Biological Study

Murooj Abbas Buhlool Al-Ghizzi — 2024-06-21

In this study was performed to ascertain the effect of wastewater discharge on the level of phosphate in the water of station on the Euphrates river and the engineering design of the wastewater treatment plants to reduce the level of phosphate. Samples were collected near the station during the winter and spring seasons in 2024. Our study involves three aspects, the first aspect detects phosphate concentration. The second aspect concerned with measuring some engineering aspects of wastewater treatment plant, while the third aspect is measuring the biological properties, which is the excessive growth of the algae Chlorella vulgaris. The results of phosphate were compared with the Iraqi limits and the World Health Organization, and it was found that the concentration of phosphate (0.32 mg/1) exceeded the permissible limitaonly in spring 2024, within Iraqi specifications. The algae growth was thriving ( 0.9)and there was a record deviation from control (50%) indicating the inefficiency of treatment in Spring .

Biotechnological Utilization of Kluyveromyces (3 Strains) for Flavor Compound Production from Agricultural Wastes"

Ammar Abdulhasan Aldhalemi — 2024-06-13

An emerging field of biotechnology that has strong implications for the environment and economy is the use of yeast strains to convert sustainable agricultural and dairy wastes into useful products. These yeasts have special metabolism which enables them convert low value substrates into high value flavors and fragrances through different fermentation processes. K. marxianus is capable of producing numerous kinds of volatile molecules due to its fast growth rate and thermotolerance while K. lactis as well as K.fragilis can produce specific compounds like volatile sulfur compounds or glycerol respectively when grown under certain conditions known from prior researches. In this review we describe what these microorganisms are able to do according on substrate specificity; process optimization methods employed during their utilization as flavor producers besides potential applications in biotechnology concerning flavors are also discussed here.

Response of Growth, Yield and Content of Coriander (Coriandrum Sativum L.) fruits of Active Ingredients by Influence of planting distance Between Rows and Spraying of Nano-Iron

Basma Adil Qader — 2024-07-01

A field experiment was implemented during a winter season of 2023 in the Botanical Garden of the College of Basic Education - Al-Mustansiriya University to find out the response of growth, yield and content of coriander seeds of active ingredients by influence of planting distance between rows and spraying of nano-iron. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) according to split-plots arranging was used with three replications. The main plots including three distances between rows (10, 20 and 30 cm), whilst the sub plots included spraying of two concentrations of nano-iron (10 and 20 mg L^-1) as well as spraying of distilled water (0 mg nano-Fe L^-1). The results revealed that the 30 cm distance between rows was significantly excelled in the main branches number, chlorophyll index, fruits number and fruits content of essential oil (7.74 branch plant^-1, 34.12 Spad, 86.42 fruit plant^-1 and 2.48%) sequentially, while the 10 cm distance between rows was significantly superiority in the plant height and 1000-fruits weight (66.13 cm and 12.97 g) sequentially. The plant that sprayed with nano-iron at a concentration of 10 mg L^-1 was significantly superiority in the main branches number, chlorophyll index and fruits number (7.30 branch plant^-1, 34.61 Spad and 85.83 fruit plant^-1) sequentially, whereas the spraying of nano-iron at a 20 mg L^-1 was significantly superiority in the plant height, 1000-fruits weight and fruits content of essential oil (66.65 cm, 11.60 g and 2.33%) sequentially. The di-interaction had significant effect on the most of studied traits. Further, the results of HPLC analysis indicated a difference in the percentages of the active ingredients (camphor, limonene and linalool) of coriander essential oil.

Estimation level of blood clotting factors (F7, F8,F9) and Interleukin (IL1b,IL-37) in patient with Hemophilia through gene Micro RNA145

Abeer Awad Khaleefa — 2024-06-28

This study was conducted with the aim of knowing the correlation between blood clotting factors (F9, F8, F7), immune factors, interleukins (IL1b, IL-37) and the gene (Micro RNA145) in the blood of patients with hemophilia. Samples were taken from several hospitals in Iraq (Ramadi Hospital For women and children in Anbar Governorate, Tikrit General Hospital in Salah al-Din Governorate, Child Protection Hospital in Baghdad, Baghdad Teaching Hospital laboratories), where the study included 65 samples from patients with hereditary hemorrhage of various types (HA, HB, HC, and W.V.P). The study measured the levels of clotting factors (F9, F8, F7) using the ELISA technique, and investigated the gene expression levels of Micro RNA145 using qRT-PCR technology by converting it to cDNA. The results of the current study showed that the seventh clotting factor, F7, has a significant decrease in its percentage in patients compared to its percentage in healthy people, while the eighth blood clotting factor, F8, has no significant difference. As for the ninth blood clotting factor, F9, a significant decrease in the factor values was found. In infected patients compared to healthy people, the current study also showed that there was a significant decrease in the level of values of interleukin IL-37 in patients compared to the blood of healthy people. As for interleukin IL1b, the results of the current study showed that there was a significant increase in the values of the factor in patients with hemophilia compared to healthy people. As for the results of the genetic analysis, it was not There is a significant difference between the studied gene and the factors (8,9). The study found connections between variables and the expression of the MIR145 gene. Factor 7 was found to be positively correlated with Factors 8 and 9, suggesting potential shared biological influences. Elevated IL 37 levels coincided with increases in Factors 7 and 9, while IL 1b levels were linked to Factors 7 and 8. The links between MIR145 gene expression and Factors 7 and 9 were weaker, suggesting an association between MIR145 expression and these factors. No significant correlation was found between IL 37 and MIR145 gene expression.

Effect of Adding Different Levels of Moringa oleifera Leaves Extract to Drinking Water on Some Physiological traits of Broiler (Ross 308)

Batoul Abed_alnaby Shaker — 2024-06-13

The Department of Animal Production at the College of Agriculture / Al-Qasim Green University conducted this experiment in the poultry farm to examine the effects on a few physiological traits of broiler chickens of adding varying levels of Moringa oleifera leaf nano-alcoholic extract (MOLE) to drinking water. 180 unsexed one-day-old Ross broiler chicks were utilized. Four groups were randomly assigned to them, 45 birds were used for each group, and each group was repeated three times (15 birds each replicate). The following were the experimental groups : the initial group (control), which involved not putting (MOLE) in the drinking water. The second group involved adding 10 milliliters (ml) of 0.02% level (MOLE) per liter of drinking water. The third group was the addition of a 10 ml/liter dose of a 0.04% level of (MOLE). The fourth group involved adding a 10 ml/liter dose of a 0.06% level of (MOLE). The following characteristics were examined in the experiment: hematological characteristics, including the number of red and white blood cells, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin level; biochemical characteristics, including all of the levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, globin, albumin, and total protein; and immunological characteristics, the delayed hypersensitivity test in wattles, relative weight, and evidence of Fabricia's gland. The findings show that, when compared to the other research groups , the addition of (MOLE) at a level of 0.06%/liter of drinking water significantly improved all evaluated attributes (P≤0.05).

Study of Some Qualitative Traits Of Some Salmon Products Imported Into Iraq

Nadia Yasser Karim — 2024-06-12

This study was conducted on 12/19/2021 on salmon products imported to Iraq, which are whole fish with the head and tail removed, slices, rings, fingers, and cubes for the purpose of determining the physical characteristics of these products and to determine their suitability for human consumption. The products were obtained from K.F. M Marine Fish, the exclusive agent in Iraq, and all products were one meal and one date, and the product was valid from 10/5/2021 until 7/4/2022, and the results were as follows: -The results of the qualitative characteristics of total volatile nitrogen (TVN), pH, and trimethylamine (TMA) were within permissible limits, and myoglobin pigment concentrations were low in imported salmon fish products.

Effect of Planting Dates and ZnO Nanoparticles Spraying on the Some Growth Indicators, Aromatic Oil and Its Content of Active Compounds of Pimpinella anisum L. Plant

Rusul Taha Ali — 2024-07-01

A field experiment was conducted during a winter season of 2023 in the botanical garden of the College of Basic Education - Al-Mustansiriya University to knowing the effect of planting dates and ZnO nanoparticles spraying on the some growth indicators, aromatic oil and its content of active compounds of anise plant. A split-plots arrangement according to randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used with three replications. The main plots contained two planting dates (1/11 and 15/11), whereas the sub plots contained spraying of two concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles (5 and 10 mg L^-1) in addition to spraying of distilled water only (0 mg nano-Zn L^-1). The results revealed that second planting date (15/11) was significantly superiority in the plant content of nitrogen (15.65 mg N g^-1), plant content of phosphorous (9.72 mg P g^-1), plant height (73.33 cm), main branches number (20.56 branch plant^-1) and fruits number (20.33 fruit inflorescence^-1). Otherwise the first date (1/11) was significantly superiority in the 1000-fruits weight (3.89 g) and aromatic oil percentage (5.26%). As well, the spraying of ZnO nanoparticles at a concentration of 10 mg L^-1 was significantly superiority in plant height (73.17 cm) and 1000-fruits weight (4.21 g) and aromatic oil percentage (5.66%), while the spraying of ZnO nanoparticles at a concentration of 5 mg L^-1 was significantly superiority and gave a highest average of the plant content of nitrogen (14.98 mg N g^-1), plant content of phosphorous (9.66 mg P g^-1), main branches number (19.67 branch plant^-1), fruits number (19.33 fruit inflorescence^-1). Further, the results of HPLC analysis showed that the percentages of active compounds of anise aromatic oil were varied by the effect of planting date and spraying of ZnO nanoparticles.

Calf Gender with Milk Traits Relationship on Buffaloes

Ahmed Raisan Alkhateeb — 2024-06-30

The study investigates the relationship between calf gender and milk traits in buffaloes (Bubalis bubalis) in Iraq during the 2018/2019 lactating season. Despite extensive research on buffalo milk production, the specific impact of calf gender on milk traits remains underexplored. Using a sample of 700 milk analyses from 72 buffaloes, fat, protein, and lactose percentages were measured alongside daily milk yield. Results showed a significant effect (P≤0.05) of calf gender on daily milk yield, with higher yields for cows birthing male calves (7.77 ±0.48 liters) compared to female calves (6.22 ±0.51 liters). However, calf gender did not significantly influence the percentages of protein, fat, lactose, and solid-not-fat (SNF) components. These findings suggest that while calf gender impacts overall milk yield, it does not affect milk composition, highlighting the potential for targeted breeding strategies using sexed semen to optimize milk production and economic outcomes for dairy farmers. Further research with larger samples over multiple seasons is recommended to confirm these findings.

Alcoholic Plant Extracts' Impact on Trichophyton rubrum Growth Characteristics

Shrook Gany Yassin — 2024-05-23

This study investigates the inhibitory effects of alcoholic extracts from Sidr, castor, and sage plants, individually and in combination, on the growth characteristics of Trichophyton rubrum, a dermatophyte fungus. Plant parts were processed into extracts and applied to culture media. Results indicate significant inhibition of fungal colony growth and dry weight, with higher concentrations yielding greater inhibition. The combination of Sidr and castor extracts exhibited the most pronounced inhibitory effect. Microscopic examination revealed varied impacts on fungal morphology, including filament distortion and protoplasm separation. These findings underscore the potential of these plant extracts as antifungal agents, emphasizing the importance of considering both extract type and concentration. This research fills a gap in understanding the efficacy of natural extracts against dermatophyte fungi and suggests avenues for further exploration in antifungal therapy.

Assessing the Resilience of Iraq’s Climate Change Adaptation

Qutaiba A. Al Qassab — 2024-05-08

This study investigates the resilience of Iraq's water sector to climate change, given the vulnerability of water resources to shifting weather patterns. Analyzing data from the National Center for Water Management, we examine annual and monthly variations in water supplies from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Results indicate significant fluctuations in annual income, ranging from 30 to 93 billion cubic meters, suggesting pronounced year-to-year variability. Moreover, disparities in river flow between the Tigris and Euphrates are observed, with implications for regional water availability. Temperature and precipitation trends in key cities—Mosul, Baghdad, Rutba, and Basra—are analyzed, revealing rising temperatures and declining precipitation across all regions. Notably, Mosul and Rutba experience lower temperatures but higher total precipitation compared to Baghdad and Basra. Despite these differences, overall precipitation is decreasing. With Iraq's population projected to grow by 1% annually, understanding the resilience of its water sector to climate change is critical for addressing future challenges in agriculture and food security. This study underscores the urgent need for adaptive strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change on water resources in Iraq.

Molecular Diagnosis of Sunn Pest (Eurygaster Integriceps)

Amir Sufyan Shaker Abbas Al Hadithi — 2024-05-09

Sun pests (Eurygaster integriceps) pose a significant threat to wheat and barley production, necessitating effective control strategies. Molecular tools like DNA barcoding and analysis of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene offer promising avenues for species identification. However, the specific application of these techniques for sunn pest identification remains underexplored. Addressing this gap, our research aimed to utilize DNA barcoding and COI gene analysis for accurate sunn pest species differentiation. Our results demonstrate that DNA barcoding is a suitable diagnostic approach, particularly through COI gene amplification, enabling reliable species identification compared to reference sequences from GenBank or Boldsystems. This finding not only fills a crucial knowledge void but also provides opportunities for tailored treatments targeting sunn pests, thereby enhancing crop protection measures.

Tillage Method and Plow Type Impact on Corn Growth and Yield

Sabah Mahdi Jassim — 2024-05-10

This autumn season (2021) field experiment investigated the impact of three plow types (Chisel, Moldboard, Disc) and three plow methods (once, twice perpendicular, three times) on soil physical properties and the growth and yield of Bohuth 106 corn cultivar. Results revealed significant superiority of the Chisel plow in enhancing moisture content, mean weight diameter, water conductivity, and seed germination percentage, followed by Moldboard and Disc plows. Tillage twice emerged as the most effective method, showing superior performance across measured traits. Chisel plow treatments exhibited averages of 15.1% moisture content, 1.40 g/cm³ bulk density, 0.82 mm mean weight diameter, 12.2 cm/min water conductivity, 166.8 kPa.m² soil penetration, 87.7% seed germination, 173.4 cm plant height, 47.7 cm² leaf area, and 7.160 tons/ha total grain yield. These findings underscore the importance of tillage method and plow type selection in optimizing soil physical properties and crop performance, providing valuable insights for agricultural practices aiming at sustainable crop production.

Enhancing Egg Quality in Molting Hens Through Dietary Manganese Supplementation

Hashim Hadi Al Jebory — 2024-05-16

This study explores the application of a fasting program to enhance molting and vitality in Lohman brown hens, with a focus on the impact of dietary manganese on egg quality. Forced molting was induced in 120 hens, divided into five groups (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5), with manganese sulfate added to their feed at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg, respectively. The research aimed to determine the optimal manganese level for improving egg quality parameters such as eggshell relative weight, eggshell height, albumin index, yolk index, and the percentage of broken and abnormal eggs. The results showed significant improvements in all measured parameters in the manganese-supplemented groups compared to the control group, highlighting the beneficial effects of manganese on egg quality during the molting process. These findings suggest that incorporating manganese into the diet can effectively enhance egg production quality in molting hens, providing a practical approach for poultry management.

Optimizing Defoliation to Enhance Yield in Medium Fiber Cotton Varieties

Madaminjon Ubaydullayev — 2024-05-19

This study investigates the growth and yield characteristics of S-8290 and S-6775 cotton varieties in the grassland soils of the Fergana region. Despite the extensive cultivation of these varieties, detailed comparative growth data under specific defoliation conditions are sparse. The research aims to fill this gap by evaluating plant height, leaf number, and bud development under two defoliation backgrounds. In S-8290, with 50-60% cotton opening, the plants averaged 92.7 cm in height, 33.3 leaves per stem, and 12.7 buds, with 55.5% opened and 1.6% half-opened. For S-6775, pre-defoliation plants were 96.3 cm tall with 36.0 leaves and 12.5 buds, of which 33.9% were opened and 2.5% half-opened. Under 50-60% defoliation, S-6775 plants averaged 96.8 cm in height, 36.8 leaves, and 12.3 buds, with 53.6% opened and 1.9% half-opened. These findings provide valuable insights into the optimal defoliation conditions to maximize yield and quality in these cotton varieties.

Peptic Ulcer Incidence Among Pregnant Women in Baghdad

Taha Qasim Ahmad — 2024-05-19

Peptic ulcers in pregnant women present a unique therapeutic challenge, necessitating a balance between effective treatment and fetal safety. Pregnant women with peptic ulcers may have Helicobacter pylori infection, increased stomach acid production, or NSAID usage. Symptoms such as heartburn, nausea, vomiting, and stomach discomfort are common. The treatment approach requires careful evaluation of the benefits and risks of available therapies. This study aims to investigate effective management strategies for peptic ulcers during pregnancy. Initial strategies include lifestyle modifications, such as avoiding trigger foods and eating smaller, more frequent meals. Antacids can provide temporary relief by neutralizing stomach acid but should be used under medical supervision due to potential risks associated with certain formulations during pregnancy. The study concludes that tailored treatment plans, considering both maternal and fetal health, are crucial for managing peptic ulcers in pregnant women.

Breakthrough in Combating Yellow Rust Boosts Wheat Yield and Quality

Boysunov Nurzod Bekmurodovich — 2024-05-21

This article presents modern methods of combating yellow rust disease, emphasizing research at the Southern Agricultural Research Institute. The most effective, inexpensive, and environmentally safe method to combat agricultural diseases is planting resistant, high-yielding, and high-quality grain varieties. Studying the virulence structure of rust diseases is crucial for grain production, as identifying and using effective resistance genes based on laboratory analyses can significantly combat rust diseases in grain crops. The research involved virulence testing of differentiating cultivars with specific genes, using a combination of global and European varieties, and optimal rust development techniques, including nitrogenous Norus fertilizer and Soltrol 170 for inoculation. The evaluation followed the 0-4 scale by C. Wellings et al. (1986). Marker-assisted selection (MAS) identified new breeding materials resistant to yellow rust, leading to new soft wheat varieties that can increase irrigated field productivity by 10-15 t/ha, addressing the demand for high-quality grain products.

Innovative Pipeline Solution for Water Scarcity in Iraq

Wafaa Fadhil Abbas — 2024-05-28

This project aims to transport potable water from Mosul Dam Lake to Basra Governorate via a pipeline designed to meet specific engineering requirements. The pipeline intersects reservoirs in central and southern governorates, supporting the Shatt al-Arab using the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The route, optimized through spatial data analysis, leverages topographical inclines for efficient water flow. The project addresses a critical need for potable water in central and southern regions, functions as an emergency backup for potential dam failures along the Tigris, and operates to maintain urban water quality amidst river pollution. Additionally, the pipeline's interior routing mitigates risks from terrorism and evaporation. Employing artificial intelligence in project management ensures cost-effective and efficient pipeline administration. This study highlights the innovative approach to water transport, addressing health, environmental, and security challenges, and filling a significant gap in regional water resource management.

Impact of Seeding Rates and Kinetin Levels on Barley Physiology and Yield

Lothar Khalid Ahmed — 2024-06-03

A field experiment was conducted in the Al-Jazeera area, near Tikrit, to investigate the effects of seeding rates and kinetin levels on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) variety Shu'a. Despite extensive research on barley growth, the optimal seeding rates and kinetin applications remain underexplored. This study aimed to determine the best seeding rate and kinetin concentration to enhance barley's physiological traits and yield. Using a randomized complete block design with three replications, two seeding rates (160, 180 kg ha-1) and three kinetin levels (75, 50, 0 mg L-1) were tested. Results showed that a seeding rate of 160 kg ha-1 significantly improved the absolute growth rate (0.17994 mg day-1), relative growth rate (16.675 mg g-1 day-1), and thousand-seed weight (35.91 g). Kinetin at 75 mg L-1 outperformed other concentrations, enhancing absolute growth rate (0.18781 mg day-1), relative growth rate (16.827 mg g-1 day-1), grains per spike (38.299 spike-1), and thousand-seed weight (39.880 g). The findings suggest that 160 kg ha-1 seeding rate and 75 mg L-1 kinetin concentration optimize barley growth and yield, providing practical implications for barley cultivation practices.